AP Human Geography Unit 2 Practice Test Practice Table Compilation Innovative Idea Generation: Utilitarian Demography Effective Strategies for Addressing Demographic Challenges Comparison of Population Pyramids Pros and Cons of Urbanization Frequently Asked Questions

Demographic Transition Theory

1. According to the demographic transition theory, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Stage 2 (the early expanding stage)?

(A) High birth rates
(B) High death rates
(C) Slow population growth
(D) Declining mortality rates

2. What is the main reason why countries in Stage 4 (the late expanding stage) of the demographic transition model experience a decline in birth rates?

(A) Improved healthcare and education
(B) Economic development and urbanization
(C) Increased income inequality
(D) Political instability

3. Which of the following is a key factor contributing to the global population explosion of the 20th century?

(A) Medical advancements
(B) Agricultural innovations
(C) Improved sanitation
(D) All of the above

Population Pyramids

4. A population pyramid with a broad base and a narrow apex indicates a population with:

(A) A high life expectancy and a high fertility rate
(B) A high life expectancy and a low fertility rate
(C) A low life expectancy and a high fertility rate
(D) A low life expectancy and a low fertility rate

5. Which of the following countries has a population pyramid typical of a country in Stage 4 of the demographic transition model?

(A) Niger
(B) United States
(C) India
(D) Japan

6. What is the relationship between population pyramids and economic development?

(A) Countries with a young population pyramid tend to have higher economic growth rates.
(B) Countries with an old population pyramid tend to have higher economic growth rates.
(C) There is no correlation between population pyramids and economic development.
(D) Population pyramids can only predict economic development in developing countries.

Population Distribution

7. According to the United Nations, what percentage of the global population lives in urban areas?

(A) 50%
(B) 60%
(C) 70%
(D) 80%

8. Which of the following is a key factor contributing to the growth of megacities in developing countries?

(A) Rural-to-urban migration
(B) High birth rates
(C) Improved infrastructure
(D) Economic opportunities

9. What are the potential negative consequences of rapid urbanization in developing countries?

(A) Increased poverty and inequality
(B) Environmental degradation
(C) Social unrest
(D) All of the above

Health, Education, and Infrastructure

10. According to the World Health Organization, what is the estimated global burden of disease attributable to air pollution?

(A) 7 million deaths per year
(B) 14 million deaths per year
(C) 21 million deaths per year
(D) 28 million deaths per year

11. Which of the following is a key obstacle to improving education quality in developing countries?

(A) Lack of qualified teachers
(B) Inadequate funding
(C) Cultural barriers
(D) All of the above

12. What is the relationship between infrastructure investment and economic development?

(A) Infrastructure investment can stimulate economic growth by improving transportation, communication, and energy access.
(B) Infrastructure investment can only benefit wealthy countries with highly developed economies.
(C) Infrastructure investment is not necessary for overall economic progress.
(D) Infrastructure investment can create jobs, boost productivity, and reduce poverty.

Migration

13. According to the International Organization for Migration, how many international migrants were there in the world in 2020?

(A) 150 million
(B) 250 million
(C) 350 million
(D) 450 million

14. Which of the following is NOT a key factor influencing international migration?

(A) Political instability
(B) Economic disparities
(C) Natural disasters
(D) Cultural similarities

15. What are the potential benefits of migration for both sending and receiving countries?

(A) For sending countries: Increased remittances, brain drain, and social innovation. For receiving countries: Increased labor force, cultural diversity, and economic growth.
(B) For sending countries: Increased poverty, social unrest, and environmental degradation. For receiving countries: Decreased labor force, increased crime, and cultural conflict.
(C) For sending countries: Increased economic development, decreased population pressure, and improved living standards. For receiving countries: Decreased economic growth, increased population pressure, and worsening environmental conditions.
(D) There are no potential benefits of migration for either sending or receiving countries.

Demographic Convergence and Divergence

16. What is meant by the term “demographic convergence”?

(A) The process by which all countries experience similar demographic trends over time.
(B) The process by which countries with different demographic profiles become more similar over time.
(C) The process by which countries with similar demographic profiles become more different over time.
(D) The process by which countries experience rapid population growth followed by a decline.

17. Which of the following is NOT a potential factor contributing to demographic divergence?

(A) Differences in cultural values
(B) Variations in economic development
(C) Disparities in healthcare access
(D) Equal distribution of global resources

18. What are the implications of demographic convergence and divergence for the global community?

(A) Demographic convergence can lead to increased global stability and cooperation, while demographic divergence can exacerbate social and economic inequalities.
(B) Demographic divergence can lead to increased global competition for resources, while demographic convergence can foster greater cultural understanding.
(C) Both demographic convergence and divergence have similar consequences for the global community.
(D) Demographic change has no significant implications for the global community.

| Health, Education, and Infrastructure Indicators |
|—|—|
| Health: Life expectancy, infant mortality rate, burden of disease |
| Education: Literacy rate, school enrollment rate, educational attainment |
| Infrastructure: Access to electricity, clean water, sanitation, transportation, communication |

| Migration Types and Factors |
|—|—|
| Types of Migration: Internal, external, voluntary, forced |
| Factors Influencing Migration: Economic factors, political factors, environmental factors, social factors |

Utilitarian Demography is a new field that combines the study of population with the application of demographic data to solve real-world problems. Here are some creative ideas for how to use utilitarian demography:

• Predicting future labor market needs: By analyzing current population trends and projections, governments and businesses can prepare for future labor shortages and surpluses.
• Targeted healthcare interventions: Demographic data can help healthcare professionals identify high-risk populations and develop tailored interventions to improve health outcomes.
• Optimizing urban planning: By understanding the demographic composition of urban areas, city planners can design cities that meet the needs of diverse population groups.
• Forecasting climate change impacts: Demographic data can help researchers assess the vulnerability of populations to climate change and develop adaptation strategies.

• Invest in education: Quality education can lead to lower fertility rates and improved health outcomes, improving overall population balance.
• Address economic disparities: Reducing economic inequalities and creating opportunities for all can reduce population growth and promote sustainable development.
• Improve healthcare access: Expanding access to healthcare can lower mortality rates and improve life expectancy, leading to a more balanced population structure.
• Promote sustainable migration policies: Well-managed migration can help countries address population shortages and stimulate economic growth.

Pros:

• Increased economic opportunities
• Improved access to education and healthcare
• Cultural diversity and innovation
• Improved infrastructure and transportation

Cons:

• Increased poverty and inequality
• Environmental degradation
• Increased crime and social unrest
• Traffic congestion and pollution

1. What is the difference between population and demography?
Population refers to the total number of people living in a particular area, while demography is the study of population characteristics, such as age, gender, education, and health.

**2. What